How To Kayak

How to Kayak Safely a Beginner’s Guide

Key Highlights

• Learn the essential paddle strokes, such as the forward stroke, draw stroke, and reverse stroke, to navigate your kayak effectively.
• Always wear a life jacket and ensure it fits to ensure your safety on the water.
• Consider using a spray skirt to keep water out of your kayak, especially in rough or choppy conditions.
• Don’t forget to bring a personal flotation device (PFD) and make it is Coastguard and fits properly.
• Choose the right kayak for your needs, such as recreational kayaks, which are perfect for beginners.
• Familiarize yourself with the basics of kayaking, including understanding the body of water you’ll be paddling in.

How To Kayak & Not To NotFlip a Kayak

Flipping a kayak is very rare. However, I find for a lot of people. This is what they are most worried about.

Out of the tens of thousands of people who have kayaked with us my estimate is that less than 20 people have flipped a boat.

All of them were men, except for one woman who was riding in a tandem with a man who did something silly and they both ended up in the water.

The comparison I always use is if you think of a motorcycle when they go around a corner the rider always keeps their head up. They might lean their body but keep their head (& balance) up.

As I always say- keep your head up but let your booty rock.

Like you are dancing on the water.

We had thousands of people kayaking with us last year. The one person who flipped the kayak was taking a picture, dropped his phone and tried to catch it following the phone with his head into the water.

Keep your Head Up and let your body move.

We intentionally use stable beginner friendly kayaks. Premium performance kayaks are much more unstable.

Performance kayaks are designed for speed or maneuverability.

Phones & Kayaking

Of course we cannot recommend taking your phone kayaking with you.

However, we understand why you would want to bring a phone.

Besides the obvious choices of using a lanyard so that you can’t drop your phone, here is the most important piece of advice if you don’t have a lanyard or a phone float.

Almost every single phone That we see go into the water is because the person forgets about it. And hasn’t secured the phone after using it.

In other words, if you take your phone out to take pictures or whatever make sure to put it in a secure pocket or safe other location so that it doesn’t fall into the water when you stand up.

99% of the phones (including my own) that get lost in the water has happened when people are getting out of the kayak.

Phones usually get lost in the water when people stand up and the phone has been forgotten about.

After you use the phone, make sure it’s in a secure place such as your pocket.

Do not try to tuck your phone into a lifejacket or leave it on your lap.

Make sure your phone is in a safe and secure location after you use it.

How To Kayak: Introduction

If you’ve ever been captivated by the image of a kayak gliding effortlessly across a calm body of water, then you know the allure of kayaking.

This fun and exciting water activity is not only a great way to explore the outdoors but also an excellent form of exercise.

Whether you’re embarking on a kayak adventure on a serene lake or paddling through the waves of the open ocean, kayaking offers a unique and exhilarating experience for beginners and experienced paddlers alike.

However, before you grab a paddle and jump into a kayak, it’s important to understand the basics of kayaking and how to do it safely. In this beginner’s guide, we will provide you with all the information you need to get started on your kayaking journey.

From understanding the different types of kayaks to learning essential paddle strokes and practicing safety techniques, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and skills to kayak safely and confidently.

So, let’s dive in and discover how to kayak like a pro!

Understanding the Basics of Kayaking

Before you embark on your kayaking adventure, it’s important to have a solid understanding of the basics of kayaking. A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft that is propelled by a double-bladed paddle.

The act of kayaking, known as paddling, involves using the paddle to propel the kayak through the water.

When selecting a body of water for kayaking, it’s essential to consider factors such as the water’s depth, current, and potential hazards.

Different bodies of water offer different experiences, from calm lakes and rivers to more challenging open ocean conditions.

Understanding the characteristics of the body of water you’ll be kayaking in will help you prepare appropriately and ensure a safe and enjoyable experience.

What is Kayaking?

Kayaking is a popular water activity that combines elements of fitness, adventure, and relaxation. It involves paddling a kayak, a small, narrow watercraft, on various bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, and even the open ocean.

Kayaking is not only a fun sport but also a great way to explore and connect with nature.

Whether you’re gliding across the calm surface of a serene lake or navigating the rushing rapids of a river, kayaking offers a unique and exhilarating experience.

It allows you to access remote and picturesque locations that are often inaccessible by other means.

For many, kayaking is more than just a recreational activity; it’s a way to embark on thrilling kayak adventures and create lasting memories.

So, if you’re looking for a new and exciting outdoor pursuit, give kayaking a try and see where your kayak adventure takes you.

Different Types of Kayaks and Their Uses

When it comes to kayaking, there are different types of kayaks designed for specific purposes and environments. Understanding the different types of kayaks and their uses will help you choose the right one for your kayaking adventures.

Recreational kayaks are the most common type of kayak and are perfect for beginners.

These kayaks are stable, easy to maneuver, and ideal for paddling on calm lakes and slow-moving rivers. They usually have a wide cockpit and provide a comfortable and stable platform for beginners to learn and enjoy kayaking.

Inflatable kayaks are another popular option, especially for those who want the convenience of easy transportation and storage.

These kayaks are made from durable materials and can be inflated and deflated for easy transport. They are versatile and suitable for various types of water, including calm lakes and even mild whitewater.

For more adventurous kayakers looking to tackle the open ocean or rougher waters, there are specialized kayaks designed for these conditions.

These kayaks are typically longer and narrower, offering better speed and maneuverability in challenging environments.

By understanding the different types of kayaks and their uses, you can choose the right kayak to suit your skill level and the type of water you’ll be paddling in.

Preparing for Your First Kayaking Adventure

Preparing for your first kayaking adventure involves gathering the necessary gear and equipment to ensure your safety and comfort on the water.

One of the most important items you’ll need is a personal flotation device (PFD), also known as a life jacket. A PFD will keep you buoyant in the water and is essential for your safety.

Additionally, you’ll need a paddle that is the right size for you. The paddle blade is the part of the paddle that comes into contact with the water and propels your kayak forward.

Make sure the paddle blade is designed for your type of kayaking and paddling style.

Depending on the conditions a spray skirt is an essential piece of equipment, especially for kayaking in rougher conditions or colder water.

A spray skirt fits around the cockpit of your kayak and helps keep water out, keeping you dry and comfortable.

By ensuring you have the right gear, including a PFD, paddle, and spray skirt, you’ll be well-prepared for your first kayaking adventure.

Essential Gear and Equipment for Beginners

When it comes to kayaking, having the right gear and equipment is crucial for your safety and enjoyment on the water. Here are some essential items every beginner kayaker should have:

• Life jacket (PFD): A properly fitting and Coastguard-approved PFD is essential for keeping you afloat and ensuring your safety in case of an emergency.
• Paddle: Choose a paddle that is the right size and weight for you, with comfortable grips and durable construction.
• Bilge pump: This handheld device helps you remove water from your kayak in case it gets swamped or takes on water.
• Dry bag: Keep your personal items, such as your phone, keys, and snacks, dry and safe in a waterproof dry bag.
• Float plan: Inform someone of your kayaking plans, including your intended route and expected return time, so they can alert authorities if you don’t return as planned.

By having these essential gear and equipment items, you’ll be well-prepared for your kayaking adventures and can paddle with confidence.

Choosing the Right Kayak

Choosing the right kayak is essential for a safe and enjoyable kayaking experience. When selecting a kayak, consider factors such as your skill level, intended use, and the type of water you’ll be paddling in.

Recreational kayaks are a great choice for beginners. These kayaks are stable, easy to maneuver, and offer a comfortable cockpit. They are designed for calm waters, such as lakes and slow-moving rivers.

It’s also important to consider the size and fit of the kayak. Ensure that the kayak’s cockpit is a good match for your body size and shape, providing enough space for your legs and lower back.

Try out different kayaks before making a purchase or consider renting kayaks to get a feel for different models. By choosing the right kayak, you’ll have a better paddling experience and be able to navigate the water with ease.

Step-by-Step Guide to Kayaking for Beginners

Once you have your gear and equipment ready, it’s time to learn the essential paddle strokes and techniques for kayaking. Here is a step-by-step guide to kayaking for beginners:

1. Step 1: Getting Into Your Kayak: Find a shallow area of water to launch your kayak. With one hand on the cockpit and the other on your paddle, carefully lower yourself into the kayak. Slide your feet into the cockpit and adjust the footpegs for a comfortable fit.
2. Step 2: Mastering Basic Paddling Techniques: Start with the forward stroke, which involves placing the paddle blade in the water near your feet and pulling it through the water to propel your kayak forward. Practice the reverse stroke, which is the opposite of the forward stroke and helps slow down or reverse your kayak.
3. Step 3: Learning How to Steer and Turn: Experiment with the draw stroke, which involves placing the paddle blade in the water next to the kayak and pulling it towards you, allowing you to move your kayak towards the paddle. Combine different paddle strokes to steer and turn your kayak effectively.
4. Step 4: Practicing Safety and Rescue Techniques: Familiarize yourself with safety and rescue techniques, such as self-rescue and the use of safety equipment like a bilge pump. Always wear a personal flotation device and follow safety practices to ensure your safety on the water.

By following these steps and practicing the essential paddle strokes, you’ll be well on your way to becoming a confident kayaker.

Step 1: Getting Into Your Kayak

Before you start paddling, you need to learn how to get into your kayak properly. Here is a step-by-step guide on getting into your kayak:

1. Find a shallow area of water: Look for a spot where the water is shallow enough for you to easily get into your kayak. This will make it easier to launch your kayak without getting wet.
2. Position your kayak: Place your kayak parallel to the shoreline, with the bow facing away from the shore and the stern close to the shore but fully afloat.
3. Use the paddle blade as support: Place one of your paddle blades under the deck line in front of the cockpit. This will provide support and stability as you enter the kayak.
4. Get into the kayak: Stand over the kayak, straddling the cockpit. Gradually lower yourself into the cockpit, keeping your weight low and centered. Slide your feet into the cockpit and adjust the footpegs for a comfortable fit.
5. Settle into the seat: Scoot your butt firmly back into the seat and settle both feet comfortably onto the footpegs. Make sure you have good posture and are sitting upright.

By following these steps, you’ll be able to get into your kayak safely and prepare for your kayaking adventure.

Step 2: Mastering Basic Paddling Techniques

Once you’re comfortably seated in your kayak, it’s time to master the basic paddling techniques. Here is a step-by-step guide on mastering the forward stroke, the most essential paddle stroke for propelling your kayak forward:

1. Grip your paddle correctly: Hold the paddle with both hands, making sure your hands are shoulder-width apart. The paddle shaft should rest on top of your head, with your elbows bent at a 90-degree angle.
2. Place the paddle blade in the water: Dip the paddle blade into the water next to your feet, making sure the entire blade is submerged.
3. Rotate your torso: As you start to pull the paddle blade through the water, rotate your torso and engage your core muscles. This will help generate power and efficiency in your stroke.
4. Follow through with the stroke: Continue to pull the paddle blade through the water, keeping your eyes focused on the blade and your torso rotating. The power should come from your upper hand, while your lower hand acts as a guide.

Practice this forward stroke technique, focusing on maintaining proper posture and engaging your core muscles. With time and practice, you’ll become more comfortable and efficient in propelling your kayak forward.

Step 3: Learning How to Steer and Turn

Steering and turning your kayak effectively is essential for maneuvering through different water conditions. Here are some techniques to help you steer and turn your kayak:

1. Use the rudder: If your kayak is equipped with a rudder, use your foot pedals to control its movement. Push the right foot pedal to turn the kayak right and the left foot pedal to turn it left.
2. Practice the sweep stroke: The sweep stroke is an effective way to turn your kayak. Start by placing the paddle blade in the water near the bow of your kayak. Sweep the blade in a wide arc away from the kayak, using your torso and upper body to generate power.
3. Combine paddle strokes: Experiment with different paddle strokes, such as the draw stroke and reverse stroke, to steer and turn your kayak. By using a combination of paddle strokes, you can navigate through tight turns and obstacles.

Practice these steering and turning techniques in different water conditions to become more confident and skilled in maneuvering your kayak.

Step 4: Practicing Safety and Rescue Techniques

Safety should always be a top priority when kayaking. Here are some safety and rescue techniques to practice:

1. Wear a personal flotation device (PFD): Always wear a properly fitting PFD while kayaking. This will keep you afloat in case of an emergency and is essential for your safety.
2. Familiarize yourself with a bilge pump: A bilge pump is a handheld device that helps you remove water from your kayak in case it gets swamped or takes on water. Practice using a bilge pump to ensure you know how to use it effectively.
3. Follow safety practices: Always inform someone of your float plan, including your intended route and expected return time. This way, someone will be aware of your whereabouts and can alert authorities if needed. Additionally, monitor the weather conditions and avoid kayaking in high winds or severe weather.

By practicing these safety and rescue techniques, you’ll be prepared to handle potential emergencies and ensure a safe kayaking experience.

Enhancing Your Kayaking Skills

Once you have mastered the basics of kayaking, you can focus on enhancing your skills and improving your paddling technique. Here are some tips to help you become a more proficient kayaker:

• Focus on your stroke technique: Pay attention to your paddle strokes and work on refining your technique. Practice proper body positioning, engage your core muscles, and use efficient paddle strokes.
• Get comfortable with paddling: The more you paddle, the more you’ll improve your skills. Spend time on the water and practice different paddle strokes, turning techniques, and navigating various water conditions.
• Engage your torso: The power in your paddle strokes comes from rotating your torso. Practice engaging your core muscles and using your torso to generate power and efficiency in your paddling.

By regularly practicing and focusing on improving your technique, you’ll become a more skilled and confident kayaker.

Improving Your Paddling Technique

Improving your paddling technique is essential for becoming a more proficient kayaker. Here are some tips to help you improve your technique:

1. Master the forward stroke: The forward stroke is the most fundamental paddle stroke. Focus on maintaining a smooth and efficient stroke, engaging your core muscles, and using proper body positioning to generate power.
2. Practice the draw stroke: The draw stroke is a useful technique for maneuvering your kayak sideways or towards you. Practice placing the paddle blade in the water next to the kayak and pulling it towards you, using your torso and upper body to generate power.
3. Refine the reverse stroke: The reverse stroke is essential for slowing down or reversing your kayak. Practice placing the paddle blade in the water at the stern of your kayak and pushing it away from you.

By regularly practicing these paddle strokes and focusing on your technique, you’ll become a more skilled and efficient kayaker.

Tips for Kayaking in Different Water Conditions

One of the first things to consider when kayaking is the water conditions. Whether you’re paddling on calm waters or dealing with high winds, the different water conditions will help you navigate safely.

When kayaking on calm, such as lakes or slow-moving rivers, you can enjoy a peaceful and relaxing experience. However, it’s still important to be aware of your surroundings and practice basic safety measures.

In contrast, kayaking in high winds can be challenging and requires extra caution. Strong winds can cause waves and make it difficult to control your kayak.

It’s advisable to paddle close to the shore and use shorter strokes to maintain stability. Additionally, wearing appropriate clothing and securing your belongings will prevent them from getting blown away.

Lastly, water temperature is an important factor to consider. Cold water can be dangerous as it can lead to hypothermia if you capsize.

Make sure to dress accordingly, wear a wetsuit if necessary, and always check the water temperature before heading out.

Destinations Ideal for Beginner Kayakers

Quiet lakes and gentle rivers present ideal environments for beginner kayakers to hone their skills.

These serene waters offer a safe environment to practice fundamental paddle strokes and kayak maneuvers without the challenges of strong currents or rough waves.

Coastal kayaking, especially in protected bays like Monterey Bay, provides a tranquil yet exhilarating experience for novice paddlers.

Exploring calm water allows beginners to enjoy the beauty of the surroundings while gaining confidence in their kayaking abilities.

Choosing locations with minimal hazards ensures a pleasant and enriching kayaking trip for those starting their kayak adventure.

Quiet Lakes and Gentle Rivers

Exploring quiet lakes and gentle rivers is a serene way for beginners to enjoy kayaking. These calm waters provide an ideal environment to practice paddle strokes and enhance skills comfortably.

Paddling through tranquil settings allows for a relaxing yet invigorating kayaking experience, surrounded by nature’s beauty.

The peace and simplicity of these water bodies make them perfect for honing your techniques while feeling at ease on the water.

Taking in the serene surroundings as you glide through the stillness can truly be a meditative and enjoyable experience.

Coastal Kayaking for Beginners

Coastal kayaking for beginners involves paddling close to the shoreline in protected waters. It offers a mix of tranquility and adventure, allowing you to explore scenic coastal areas inaccessible by land.

When embarking on a coastal kayaking trip, always check weather forecasts and tide charts for a safe experience. Beginners should stick to calm waters with minimal currents and avoid areas with high winds or heavy boat traffic.

Remember to wear a PFD at all times, carry essential safety gear, and stay vigilant of changing conditions to make the most of your coastal kayaking adventure.

What to Wear and Bring on Your Kayaking Trip

Appropriate attire for kayaking depends on the weather conditions. Dress in moisture-wicking layers to stay dry and warm. For cooler water, a wetsuit or drysuit is recommended. Sun protection is vital, so wear sunscreen and sunglasses.

Ensure you have a personal flotation device (PFD) at all times. Pack essentials like snacks, water, a first aid kit, and a whistle for emergencies. Bring a dry bag for valuables.

Footwear should be secure and suitable for the water environment. Lastly, don’t forget a hat for sun protection and to keep your vision clear while on the water.

Appropriate Clothing for Different Weather Conditions

When engaging in kayaking, dressing appropriately for the weather is crucial for comfort and safety. In warmer weather, opt for moisture-wicking clothing and consider wearing a hat for sun protection.

During colder months or in cold water conditions, dress in layers and wear a wetsuit or drysuit to stay warm. Always bring a waterproof jacket in case of unexpected weather changes.

Sunglasses with a secure strap are essential to protect your eyes from sun glares off the water. Remember, dressing right ensures an enjoyable and safe kayaking experience.

Must-Have Safety Gear and Accessories

It’s essential to prioritize safety when kayaking. Must-have safety gear and accessories include a personal flotation device (PFD), a vital piece for all kayakers that ensures buoyancy in case of emergencies.

A whistle is crucial for signaling for help, especially in challenging situations.

Investing in a spray skirt helps keep water out of your cockpit, ensuring a dry and safe environment. Additionally, carrying a bilge pump can assist in removing any water that enters your kayak, maintaining stability.

These items are indispensable for any kayaking trip, providing peace of mind and enhancing your overall kayaking experience.

Staying Safe While Kayaking

Always prioritize safety while kayaking. Understand local weather and water conditions to avoid risks. Wear a proper life jacket and use a spray skirt in rough waters.

Equip yourself with a whistle for emergencies and always have a float plan. Familiarize yourself with rescue techniques and carry essential safety gear like a bilge pump.

Additionally, protect yourself from the sun with sunscreen and wear appropriate clothing for the water temperature. Remember, staying safe ensures a fulfilling and enjoyable kayaking experience.

Understanding Weather and Water Conditions

It’s crucial to comprehend weather and water conditions before embarking on a kayaking trip. Assess the forecast for wind speed, gusts, and precipitation chances.

Understanding currents, tides, and wave patterns is vital for safe navigation. Factors like water temperature and visibility affect your comfort and safety.

High winds can create challenging paddling conditions in open water, while sun exposure can lead to dehydration and sunburn. Familiarize yourself with potential hazards like strong currents or sudden weather changes to ensure a safe and enjoyable kayaking experience.

Always prioritize safety by staying informed and prepared for changing conditions.

Essential Safety Practices and Regulations

When venturing out on your kayaking trip, ensure you follow essential safety practices and regulations. Always wear your personal flotation device (PFD) and carry a whistle for signaling.

Check the weather forecast and water conditions before you paddle out. Familiarize yourself with the area’s rules and regulations to avoid any fines or penalties. Create a float plan and share it with someone reliable.

Be cautious of potential hazards like strong currents, high winds, or cold water. Prioritize safety to have a worry-free kayaking experience. Remember, safety first!

Caring for Your Kayaking Equipment

Proper care ensures longevity for your kayaking equipment. Rinse all gear, including paddle and kayak, after each use to prevent corrosion. Store your kayak away from direct sunlight to avoid UV damage.

Periodically check for leaks or cracks in the hull and promptly repair them. Keep paddles clean and dry to prevent mold growth. Store them horizontally to maintain their shape.

Invest in a good quality paddle bag for added protection. Regularly inspect your personal flotation device (PFD) for any wear and tear to ensure it remains reliable.

Maintenance Tips for Kayaks and Paddles

When it comes to maintaining your kayaks and paddles, a regular cleaning routine is vital. After each kayaking trip, rinse your equipment with fresh water to remove any salt or debris that could cause damage.

Inspect your kayak for any signs of wear and tear, such as cracks or scratches on the hull. Store your kayak in a dry, shaded area away from direct sunlight to prevent UV damage.

For paddle maintenance, check the blades for any chips or dents, and store them in a paddle bag to prevent damage during transportation.

Following these maintenance tips will ensure that your kayaking gear stays in top condition for your next adventure.

Proper Storage Solutions for Kayaking Gear

When it comes to proper storage solutions for kayaking gear, organization is key. Investing in a kayak rack or ceiling hoist can help save space and keep your equipment in top condition.

Storing your paddles in a vertical position can prevent warping, while using storage bins for smaller items like safety gear and accessories ensures everything is easily accessible.

It’s also important to keep your kayak in a cool, dry place to prevent damage from moisture or extreme temperatures. By taking care in how you store your gear, you’ll be ready for your next kayaking adventure in no time.

Joining the Kayaking Community

Being part of the kayaking community offers camaraderie and learning opportunities. Engage with local clubs or groups for shared adventures and knowledge exchange.

These communities often organize events that cater to various skill levels, from beginners to advanced kayakers. Joining local outings or paddling meetups can enhance your skills and introduce you to new kayaking locations.

Through these connections, you can access valuable tips and guidance, improving your overall kayaking experience.

Sharing your love for this water activity with like-minded individuals can foster lasting friendships and create memorable kayaking memories together.

Finding Kayaking Clubs and Groups

If you’re looking to enhance your kayaking experience and meet like-minded enthusiasts, consider joining kayaking clubs or groups.

Connecting with fellow paddlers not only fosters a sense of community but also provides opportunities to learn new skills and discover exciting kayaking destinations.

Local outfitters or online platforms such as Meetup can help you locate clubs in your area. Participating in group paddles or events is a great way to improve your technique and share kayak tips.

Whether you prefer calm water trips or adventurous sea kayaking, finding the right club can elevate your kayaking adventures significantly.

Participating in Local Kayaking Events

One of the best ways to enhance your kayaking skills and meet fellow enthusiasts is by participating in local kayaking events. These events can range from guided kayaking trips organized by local outfitters to community paddle days at nearby lakes or rivers.

By joining a kayaking trip or event, you can learn from experienced guides and instructors who will provide valuable tips and techniques to improve your paddling skills.

It’s also a great opportunity to explore new waterways and discover hidden gems in your area.

Additionally, participating in local kayaking events allows you to connect with other kayakers and build a community of like-minded individuals who share your passion for the sport.

You can exchange stories, learn from each other’s experiences, and even plan future kayaking adventures together. So, next time you’re considering a kayaking trip, be sure to check out the local events happening in your area.

Conclusion

Embarking on a kayaking adventure can be exhilarating, but safety should always be a top priority. Understanding the basics, gearing up correctly, and honing your skills are crucial steps.

Whether you’re paddling on calm lakes or exploring coastal waters, preparation is key. Remember, knowing how to handle different water conditions and following safety guidelines are essential.

By caring for your equipment and staying informed, you’ll have a safe and enjoyable kayaking experience. So, gear up, paddle out, and embrace the wonders of kayaking while keeping safety at the forefront of your journey.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is kayaking suitable for all ages and fitness levels?

Kayaking is a fun and safe sport that can be enjoyed by people of all ages and fitness levels. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced paddler, there are kayaking options available to suit your abilities.

It provides a safe environment to explore the water and enjoy the outdoors, making it an excellent activity for individuals of all ages and fitness levels.

How do I choose the right kayak size?

Choosing the right kayak size is crucial for a comfortable and enjoyable paddling experience. Consider the type of kayaking you plan to do and the body of water you’ll be paddling in.

For recreational kayaking, opt for a kayak that is stable and easy to maneuver. Ensure that the kayak fits your body properly, particularly your torso, to prevent discomfort and promote better control while paddling.

Can I kayak if I can’t swim?

Yes, you can kayak even if you can’t swim. It’s important to always wear a personal flotation device (PFD) or life jacket while kayaking, regardless of your swimming abilities.

Additionally, practicing safety measures such as staying close to shore, paddling in calm waters, and avoiding risky situations can further enhance your safety on the water.

Following these kayaking tips and using proper safety equipment will allow you to enjoy the sport even if you’re not a strong swimmer.